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Our shelves are stocked with your health, the health of your family, and the health of the planet in mind and priced so your pocketbook can afford them. Our team of food quality experts reads every label, weeds through the minutiae of labeling regulations, and keeps the concerning stuff, the not-so-good-for-my-family stuff, the fake stuff, the what-in-the-world is that stuff, off our shelves so that you can get your shopping done in a snap, and provide yourself and your family with simply the best. (Now, the only thing you have to do is figure out what to do with all that extra time you’ve saved not having to scourer every label.)
Food quality is not only about what is in the product but about what isn’t. That’s why we have an extensive list of the things that we won’t allow in the foods we sell but are found at other grocery retailers and online. See the list below for the foods and food ingredients we won’t carry because after all, your health is our number one priority.
As new research becomes available, an ingredient that might not have been considered problematic may now be an ingredient of concern or unacceptable. Read more about grandmothered and limited ingredients.
Our underlying philosophy is that food should come from real sources and undergo as few modifications as possible. We work rigorously to keep our food as clean and as simple as we can. New items with ingredients that are high-risk of coming from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) must be organic or must be verified as non-GMO. If a company cannot provide confirmation, we will not carry the product.
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
(aka Sweet One® or Sunette®)
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
Please see "Chemically modified fats" for more information.
Even though Active Agave™ has a lower fructose content than traditional agave nectar, all agave is highly processed.
Please see "Agave--Grandmothered & Limited" for more information.
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
[i] Elkins, J.W. (1999). Chloropflurocarbons (CFCs). In Alexander, D.E., Fairbridge, R.W. (Eds) The Chapman & Hall Encyclopedia of Environmental Science (pp 78-80). Retrieved from https://gml.noaa.gov/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.html
[ii] (2008, Sept 4). Bad hair day: are aerosols still bad for the ozone layer? Scientific American EarthTalk. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-aerosols-still-bad/
[iii] (2008, Sept 4). Bad hair day: are aerosols still bad for the ozone layer? Scientific American EarthTalk. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-aerosols-still-bad/
[i] Willems J, Low N. Major carbohydrate, polyol, and oligosaccharide profiles of agave syrup. Application of this data to authenticity analysis. J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 3(60): 8745-8754
[ii] Bray GA. Fructose: Pure, White, and Deadly? Fructose, by Any Other Name, Is a Health Hazard. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2010; 4(4): 1003-1007
[iii] Teff, K. L., Elliott, S. S., Tschöp, M., Kieffer, T. J., Rader, D., Heiman, M., Townsend, R. R., Keim, N. L., D'Alessio, D., & Havel, P. J. (2004). Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 89(6), 2963–2972. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031855
[iv] Jegatheesan, P. De Bandt, J-P. (2017). Fructose and NAFLD: the multifaceted aspects of fructose metabolism. Nutrients, 9(3), 230. doi: 10.3390/nu9030230
[v] Teff, K. L., Elliott, S. S., Tschöp, M., Kieffer, T. J., Rader, D., Heiman, M., Townsend, R. R., Keim, N. L., D'Alessio, D., & Havel, P. J. (2004). Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 89(6), 2963–2972. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031855
[vi] Maldonado-Guevara, B.I., Mart ń del Campo, S.T., Cardador-Mart ńez, A. (2018). Production process effect on Mexican agave syrups quality: a preliminary study. J Food Res, 7(3), 50-57. doi:10.5539/jfr.v7n3p50
[i] Jiang, S., Xiao, W., Zhu, X., Yang, P., Zheng, Z., Lu, S., …Liu, J. (2020). Review on D-allulose: In vivo metabolism, catalytic mechanism, engineering strain construction, bio-production technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 8, 26. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00026
[ii] Watson, E. (2009, May 13). Tate & Lyle: ‘The first two things consumers look for on the Nutrition Facts Panel now are calories and sugar’. Food Navigator USA website. Retrieved November 24, 2020 from https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2019/05/13/Tate-Lyle-talks-allulose-The-first-two-things-consumers-look-for-on-the-Nutrition-Facts-panel-now-are-calories-and-sugar#
[iii] Han, Y., Choi, B.R., Kim, S.Y., Bim, S-B., Kim, Y.H, Kwon, E-Y., Choi. M-S. (2018). Gastrointestinal tolerance of D-allulose in healthy young adults. A non-randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 10(12), 2010. doi: 10.3390/nu10122010
Please see "Aluminum-containing additives" for more information.
Please see "Aluminum-containing additives" for more information.
[i] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2008. Toxicological profile for Aluminum. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available at: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp22-c6.pdf
[ii] Aguilar F, Autrup H, Barlow S, et al. Scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and food contact material (AFC): Safety of aluminum from dietary intake. The EFSA Journal. 2008;754:1-34. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.754
Please see "Aluminum-containing additives" for more information.
Please see "Aluminum-containing additives" for more information.
Please see "Aluminum-containing additives" for more information.
Please see "Aluminum-containing additives" for more information.
Please see "Aluminum-containing additives" for more information.
Please see "Flour bleaching agents & chemical dough conditioners" for more information.
Acceptable in beer and hard/spiked seltzer.
Please see "Phosphates" for more information.
[i] Mohamed MA, Ranjard L, Catroux C, Catroux G, Hartmann A. Effect of natamycin on the enumeration, genetic structure and composition of bacterial community isolated from soils and soybean rhizosphere. J Microbiol Methods. 2005 Jan;60(1):31-40. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167701204002283
[ii] Dalhoff AAH, Levy SB. Does use of the polyene natamycin as a food preservative jeopardise the clinical efficacy of amphotericin B? A word of concern. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015 June;45(6):564-567. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857915001028
[iii] Mantovani HC, Russell JB. Nisin resistance of Streptococcus bovis. Appl Environ Microbial. 2001 Feb;67(2):808-813. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92651/
[iv] Sun Z, Zhong J, Liang X et al. Novel mechanism for nisin resistance via proteolytic degradation of nisin by the nisin resistance protein NSR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May;53(5):1964-1973. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2681560/
[v] Blake KL, Randall CP, O’Neill AJ. In vitro studies indicate a high resistance potential for the lantibiotic nisin in Staphylococcus aureus and define a genetic basis for nisin resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2011 May;55(5):2362-2368. https://aac.asm.org/content/aac/55/5/2362.full.pdf
[vi] Hansen JN. Nisin as a model food preservative. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1994;34(1):69-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8142045
[vii] Kallscheuer N. Engineered microorganisms for the production of food additives approved by the European Union—A systematic analysis. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1746. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6085563/
[viii] Gould G. Preservation principles and new technologies. In: Blackburn CW, McClure PJ. Foodborne Pathogens: Hazards, Risk Analysis and Control. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Woodhead Publishing, Ltd; 2009.
[ix] Aparicio JF, Barreales EG, Payero TD, et al. Biotechnological production and application of the antibiotic pimaricin: biosynthesis and its regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;100:61-78. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700089/
[i] Wallinga, D., Kar, A. (June 15, 2020). New data: animal vs. human antibiotic use remains lopsided. National Resources Defense Council. https://www.nrdc.org/experts/david-wallinga-md/most-human-antibiotics-still-going-us-meat-production
[ii] Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., & Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(4), 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040795
[iii] Aaerestrup, F.M., Aidara-Kane, A. (2012). Reducing antimicrobial uses in animal husbandry. In The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: Options for action. World Health Organization. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44812/?sequence=1
[i] Personal Correspondence with USDA, June 26th, 2023.
[ii] FAQ: Food gone good: Apeel. Apeel. (n.d.). https://www.apeel.com/faq
Accessed: June 25th, 2023
[iii] FAQ: Food gone good: Apeel. Apeel. (n.d.). https://www.apeel.com/faq
Accessed: June 25th, 2023
[iv] Apeel Sciences, FDA GRAS Notice 886, Mixture of monoacylglycerides derived from grape seed
Retrieved June 25th, 2023 from: https://www.fda.gov/media/135999/download#:~:text=A%20mixture%20of%20monoacylglycerides%20derived%20from%20grape%20seed%20is%20intended,of%20fresh%20fruits%20and%20vegetables
[i] https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/26/nyregion/imported-bitter-apricot-pits-recalled-as-cyanide-hazard.html?sec=health)
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
[i] Food Dyes - Center for Science in the Public Interest. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/food-dyes-rainbow-of-risks.pdf
[ii] Food Dyes - Center for Science in the Public Interest. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/food-dyes-rainbow-of-risks.pdf
[iii] Children’s Environmental Health Center, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, Apr). Potential neurobehavior effects of synthetic food dyes in children. Retrieved from: https://oehha.ca.gov/risk-assessment/press-release/report-links-synthetic-food-dyes-hyperactivity-and-other
[i] Bondi, C.A.M., Marks, J.L., Wroblewski, L.B., Raatikainen, H.S., Lenox, S.R., Gebhardt, K.E. (2015). Human and environmental toxicity of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS): evidence for safe use in household cleaning products. Environ Health Insights, 9; 27-32. doi: 10.4137/EHI.S31765
[ii] Food Safety Commission of Japan (June 2007). Evaluation report of food additives. Polysorbates (Polysorbates 20, 60, 65, and 80). Retrieved from https://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/foodadditive/polysorbate_report.pdf
[iii] Viennois, E., Merlin, D., Gewirtz, A.T., Chassaing, B. (2017). Dietary emulsifier-induced low-grade inflammation promotes colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Research, 77(1), 27-40. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-1359
[iv] Miclotte, L., Van de Wiele, T. (2019). Food processing, gut microbiota and the globesity problem. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1596878
[v] Singh, R.K., Wheildon, N., Ishikawa, S. (2016). Food additive P-80 impacts mouse gut microbiota promoting intestinal inflammation, obesity and liver dysfunction. SOJ Microbiol Infect Dis, 4(1). doi: 10.15226/sojmid/4/1/00148
[vi] Roberts, C.L., Rushworth, S.L., Richman, E., Rhodes, J.M. (2013). Hypothesis: increased consumption of emulsifiers as an explanation for the rising incidence of Crohn’s disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 7(4), 339-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2013.01.004
[i] Schlagheck, T.G., Riccardi, K.A., Zorich, N.L., Torri, S.A., Dugan, L.D., Peters, J.C. (1997). Olestra dose response on fat-soluble and water soluble nutrients in humans. J Nutr, 127(8 Suppl), 1646S-1665S. DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.8.1646S
[ii] Jacobson, M. F. (2004, October 21). Re: Docket No 87F-0179 [Letter to Lester Crawford, U.S. Food and Drug Administration]. Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington D.C.. Retrieved from https://www.cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/9th_report_letter.pdf
[i] Maeda, M. Hooya, T., Yoshioka, K., Miyafuji, H. Ohno, H, Yamada, T. (2018). Vanillin production from native softwood lignin in the presence of tetrabutylammonium ion. J Wood Sci, 64, 810-815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-018-1766-0
[ii] Berenstein, N. (Nov 23, 2015). The inexorable rise of synthetic flavor: a pictorial history. Popular Science website. Retrieved 11/05/20 from https://www.popsci.com/history-flavors-us-pictorial/
[iii] Hallagan, J.B., Hall, R.L. (2009). Under the conditions of intended use – new developments in the FEMA GRAS program and the safety assessment of flavor ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(2), 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.011
[i] The Proposition 65 List. (n.d.). Retrieved February 01, 2021, from https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list
[ii] National Toxicology Program. (2016). 14th report on carcinogens. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/butylatedhydroxyanisole.pdf
[iii]Generally Recognized as Safe – But is it? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/research/ewg-s-dirty-dozen-guide-food-additives/generally-recognized-as-safe-but-is-it
[iv] EWG's Dirty Dozen Guide to Food Additives. (2014, November 12). Retrieved February 01, 2021, from https://www.ewg.org/research/ewg-s-dirty-dozen-guide-food-additives
[v] n.a. Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. Int J Toxicol. 2002 Oct;21(2_suppl):95-142. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/10915810290096522#articleCitationDownloadContainer
[vi] McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behavior in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3; 370(9598):1560-1567. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=McCann+D+(2007).+Food+additives+and+hyperactive+behaviour+in+3-year-old+and+8%2F9-year-old+children+in+the+community%3A+a+randomised%2C+double-blinded%2C+placebo+controlled+trial.+Lancet%2C+370%2C+1560-156
[vii] Van De Sande MMH, Wirtz S, Vos E, Verhagen H. Diamine tetra acetic acid as a food additive. Eur J Nutr & Food Safety. 2014;4(4):408-423. http://www.journalrepository.org/media/journals/EJNFS_30/2014/Jul/Sande442014EJNFS10405_1.pdf
[viii](n.d.). Retrieved from https://cspinet.org/eating-healthy/chemical-cuisine#propyleneglycol
[ix] Burton GW, Traber MG, Acuff RV, et al. Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;67(4):669-684. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537614
[x] Van De Sande MMH, Wirtz S, Vos E, Verhagen H. Diamine tetra acetic acid as a food additive. Eur J Nutr & Food Safety. 2014;4(4):408-423. http://www.journalrepository.org/media/journals/EJNFS_30/2014/Jul/Sande442014EJNFS10405_1.pdf
[xi] n.a. (Nov 18, 2015) Ethoxyquin: EFSA safety assessment inconclusive. European Food Safety Authority. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/151118
[xii] Bucheli-Witschel M, Egli T. Environmental fate and microbial degradation of aminopolycarboxylic acids. FEMS Microbio Rev. 2001 Jan;25(1):69-106. https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/25/1/69/606255
[i] Andrews, R. (n.d.). Resistant starch: what it is? And why it is so good for you? Precision Nutrition website. Retrieved December 8, 2020 from https://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-resistant-starch
[i] Fowler, S.P., Williams, K., Resendez, R.G., Hunt, K.J., Hazuda, H.P., Stern, M.P. (2012). Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain. Obesity, 16:1894-1900. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.284
[ii] Hess, E.L., Myers, E.A., Swithers, S.E., Hendrick,V.E. (2018). Associations between nonnutritive sweetener intake and metabolic syndrome in adults. J Am Coll Nutr, 37(6), 487-493. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1440658
[iii] Dhingra, R., Sullivan, L., Jacques, P.F., Wang, T.J., Fox C.S., Meigs, J.B.,…Vasan, R.S. (2007). Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation, 116, 480-488. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935
[iv] Lutsey, P.L., Steffen, L.M., Stevens, J. (2008). Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome. Circulation, 117,754-761. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.716159
[v] Schernhammer, E.S., Bertrand, K.A., Birmann, B.M., Sampson, L., Willet, W.C., Feskanich, D. 2012). Consumption of artificial sweetener- and sugar-containing soda and risk of lymphoma and leukemia in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr, 96(6), 1419-1428. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.030833
[vi] Andreatta, M.M., Muñoz, S.E., Latieri, M.J., Eynard, A.R., Navarro, A. (2008). Artificial sweetener consumption and urinary tract tumors in Cordoba, Argentina. Preventative Medicine, 47(1), 136-139. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.015
[vii] Sturgeon, S.R., Hartge, P., Silverman, D.T., Kantor, A.F., Linehan, W.M., Lynch, C., Hoover, R.N. (1994). Associations between bladder cancer risk factors and tumor stage and grade at diagnosis. Epidemiology, 5(2), 218-225. DOI:10.1097/00001648-199403000-00012
[viii] Abd El-Samad, A.A. (2010). Light and electron microscopic study on the cerebellar cortex of male albino rat. Egyp J Histol, 33(3), 419-430. DOI: Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6465/68d84a55f1ba03530cd577fd7c82b47c1e23.pdf
[ix] Soffritti, M., Belpoggi, F., Esposti, D.D., Lambertini, L. (2005). Aspartame induces lymphomas and leukaemias in rats. European Journal of Oncology, 10(2), 107-116. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225029050_Aspartame_induces_lymphomas_and_leukaemias_in_rats
[x] Soffritti, M., Belpoggi, F., Degli Esposti, D., Lambertinin, L., Tibaldi, E., Rigano, A. (2006). First experimental demonstration of the multipotential carcinogenic effects of aspartame administered in the feed to Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ Health Perspect, 114(3), 379-385. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8711
[xi] Romo-Romo, A., Aguilar-Salinas, C.A., Brito-Córdova, G.X., Gómez-Díaz, R.A., Almeda-Valdes, P. (2018). Sucralose decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 108(3), 485-491. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy152
[xii] Abu-Taweel, G.M., Zyadah, M.A., Ajarem, J.S., Ahmad, M. (2014). Cognitive and biochemical effects of monosodium glutamate and aspartame, administered individually and in combination in male albino mice. Neurotoxicity and Teratology, 42 (2014), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2014.02.001
[xiii] Lindseth, G.N., Coolahan, S.E., Petros, T.V., Lindseth, P.D. (2014). Neurobehavioral effects of aspartame consumption. Res Nurs Health, 37(3), 185-193. doi: 10.1002/nur.21595
[xiv] Bian, X., Tu, P., Chi, L., Gao, B., Ru, H., Lu, K. (2017). Saccharin induced liver inflammation in mice by altering the gut microbiota and its metabolic functions. Food and chemical Toxicology, 107, 530-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.045
[xv] Chi, L., Bian, X., Gao, B., Tu, P., Lai, Y., Ru, H., Lu, K. (2018). Effects of the artificial sweetener neotame on the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in mice. Molecules, 23(2), 367. doi: 10.3390/molecules23020367
[xvi] Schiffman, S.S., Nagle, H.T. (2019). Revisited: Assessing the in vivo data on low/no-calorie sweeteners and the gut microbiota. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 132, 110692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110692
[xvii] Mandrioli, D., Kearns, C.E., Bero, L.A. (2016). Relationship between research outcomes and risk of bias, study sponsorship, and author financial conflicts of interest in reviews of the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight outcome: a systematic review. PLoS One, 11(9), e0162198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162198
[xviii] Walton, R.G. (1999). Survey of aspartame studies: correlation to outcome and funding sources. Retrieved from http://www.lightenyourtoxicload.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dr-Walton-survey-of-aspartame-studies.pdf
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
Please see "Artificial colors" for more information.
Please see "Artificial colors" for more information.
Please see "Flour bleaching agents & chemical dough conditioners" for more information.
More information coming soon.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Flour bleaching agents & chemical dough conditioners" for more information.
(calcium bromate, potassium bromide)
Please see "Flour Bleaching Agents & Chemical Dough Conditioners" for more information.
(calcium bromate, potassium bromide, sodium bromate)
Please see "Flour bleaching agents & chemical dough conditioners" for more information.
Please see "Chemically modified fats" for more information.
Please see "GMO hormones" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
[i] Reissig, C.J., Strain, E.C., Griffiths, R.R. (2009, Jan). Caffeinated energy drinks—a growing problem. Drug Alcohol Depend, 99(1-3), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001
[ii] Kole, J. Barnhill, A. (2013, Sept). Caffeine content labeling: a missed opportunity for promoting personal and public health. J Caffeine Res, 3(3), 108-113. doi: 10.1089/jcr.2013.0017
Please see "Flour bleaching agents & chemical dough conditioners" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Flour bleaching agents & chemical dough conditioners" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
[i] European Food Safety Authority. (2011). Scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of caramel colours (E 150 a, b, c, d) as food additives. EFSA Journal, 9(3), 2004. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2004
[ii] https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/questions-answers-about-4-mei
[iii] n.a. 4-Methylimidazole Monograph. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Retrieved January 4, 2020 from https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono101-015.pdf
[iv] Group, E. (n.d.). EWG's food scores just took the work out of grocery shopping for me! Retrieved March 29, 2021, from https://www.ewg.org/foodscores/ingredients/16660CARAMELCOLOR
[v] European Food Safety Authority. (2011). Scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of caramel colours (E 150 a, b, c, d) as food additives. EFSA Journal, 9(3), 2004. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2004
[i] Bhattacharyya, S., Dudeja, P.K., Tobacman, J.K. ( 2008). Carrageenan-induced NFκB activation depends on distinct pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species and Hsp27 or by Bcl10. Biochem Biophys Aca, 1780(0), 973-982. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.019
[ii] Naimi, S., Viennois, E., Gewirtz, A.T., Chassaing, B. (2021). Direct impact of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on human gut microbiota. Microbiome, 9(1), 66 doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00996-6
[iii] Fahoum, L., Moscovici, A., David, S., Shaoul, R., Rozen, G., Meyron-Hotlz, E.G., Lesmes, U. (2017). Digestive fate of dietary carrageenan: evidence of interference with digestive proteolysis and disruption of gut epithelial function. Mol Nutr Food Res, 61(3). DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600545
[iv] Bhattacharyya, S., Shumard, T., Xie, H., Dodda, A., Varady, K.A., Leferman, L., Halline, A.G., Goldstein, J.L., Hanauer, S.B., Tobacman, J.K. (2017). A randomized trial of the effects of the non-carrageenan diet on ulcerative colitis disease activity. Nutr Healthy Aging, 4(2), 181-192. doi: 10.3233/NHA-170023
[v] Martino, J.V., Van Limbergen, J., Cahill, L.E. (2017). The role of carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose in the development of intestinal inflammation. Front Pediatr. 5, 96. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00096
[vi] Capron, I., Yvon, M., Muller, G. (1996). In-vitro gastric stability of carrageenan. Food Hydrocolloids, 10(2), 239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(96)80040-3
[vii] Tobacman, J.K. (2001). Review of harmful gastrointestinal effects of carrageenan in animal experiments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(10), 983-994. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109983
[viii] Bhattacharyya, S., O-Sullivan, I., Katyal, S., Unterman, T., Tobacman, J.K. (2011). Exposure to the common food additive carrageenan leads to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and inhibition of insulin signaling in HepG2 cells and C57BL/6J mice. Diabetologia, 55, 194-203. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2333-z
[ix] Bhattacharyya, S., Feferman, L., Unterman, T., Tobacman, J.K. (2015). Exposure to common food additive carrageenan alone leads to fasting hyperglycemia and in combination with high fat diet exacerbates glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia without effect on weight. J Diabetes Res, 2015, 513429. doi: 10.1155/2015/513429
More information coming soon.
FDA certified color color additives are generally identified by a letter prefix, the color, and then a number (e.g., "FD&C Yellow #5).
Please see "Artificial colors" for more information.
[i] Shining the Spotlight on Trans Fats. (2018, July 12). Retrieved June 20, 2019, from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/types-of-fat/transfats/
[ii] Afonso, M.S., Lavrado, M.S., Koike, M.K., Cintra, D.E., Ferreira, F.D., Nunes, V.S.,…Lottenberg, A.M. (2016). Dietary interesterified fat enriched with palmitic acid induces atherosclerosis by impairing macrophage cholesterol efflux and eliciting inflammation. J Nutr Biochem, 32, 91-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.005
[iii] Lavrado, M.S.F., Afonso, M.S., Cintra, D. E., Koike, M., Nunes, V.S., Demasi, M.,…Lottenberg, A.M. ( 2019). Interesterified fats induce deleterious effects on adipose tissue and liver in LDLr-LO mice. Nutrients, 11, 46. doi:10.3390/nu11020466
[iv] Ng, Y.T., Voon, P.T., Ng, T.K.W., Lee, V.K.M., Mat Sahri, M., Mohd Esa, N., …Ong, A.S.H. (2018). Interesterified palm olein (IEPalm) and interesterified stearic acid-rick fat blend (IEStear) have no adverse effects on insulin resistance: a randomized control trial. Nutrients, 10(8), pii. doi: 10.3390/nu10081112.
[v] D’avila L.F., Dias V.T., Vey, L.T., Milanesi, L.H., Roversi, K., Emanuelli, T., …Maurer, H.L. (2017). Toxicological aspects of interesterified fat: Brain damages in rats. Toxicology Letters, 276, 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.020
[vi] Bendig, P., Maier, L., Vetter, W. (2012). Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake. Food Chemistry, 133(3), 678-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058
[vii] Vorhees, C.V., Butcher, R.E., Wootten, V., Brunner, R.L. (1983). Behavioral and reproductive effects of chronic developmental exposure to brominated vegetable oil in rats. Teratology, 28, 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420280302
[viii] Rarokar NR, Menghani S, Kerzare D, Khedekar B. Progress in synthesis of monoglycerides for use in pharmaceuticals. J Exp Food Chem. 2017 July; 3(3). https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/progress-in-synthesis-of-monoglycerides-for-use-in-food-andpharmaceuticals-2472-0542-1000128.pdf
[ix] EFSA ANS Panel. Scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E471) as food additives. EFSA Journal. 2017;15(11):5045. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5045
Please see "Chemically modified fats" for more information.
[i] FDA. (2022, February 17). GMO crops, animal food, and beyond. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/gmo-crops-animal-food-and-beyond
[ii] Saxena, D.K., Sharma, S.K., Sambi, S.S. (2011, Jan) Comparative extraction of cottonseed oil by n-hexane and ethanol. ARPN Journal Engineering and Applied Science. 6(1), 84-89. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/COMPARATIVE-EXTRACTION-OF-COTTONSEED-OIL-BY-and-Saxena-Sharma/b1b68e6e7d7df822c28dff2e7c6f0ed96db7a547
[iii] Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications. (2020, June 18). Retrieved December 09, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications
[iv] New Jersey Department of Health. (2012 June). Right to Know: Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet – n-Hexane. https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1340.pdf
More information coming soon.
Please see "Lab-grown milk protein" for more information.
Please see "Artificial flavors" for more information.
Please see "Chemically modified fats" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Flour bleaching agents & chemical dough conditioners" for more information.
Please see "Apeel™" for more information.
If the caffeine is added to create a consistent amount in a product that is naturally caffeinated and does not raise the amount in the product beyond what naturally occurs, this is approved in limited products.
Please see "Caffeine or stimulant herbs added to boost caffeine content or have a stimulant effect" for more information.
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
[i] Heikes, D.L. (1992). Mass spectral identification and gas chromatographic determination of chlorinated bleaching adducts in flour-containing food items. J Agric Food Chem, 40, 498-491. Retrieved from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf00015a026#
[ii] Saiz, A.I., Manrique, G.D., Fritz, R. (2001). Determination of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid levels by HPLC during wheat flour bleaching process [abstract]. J Agric Food Chem, 49(1), 98-102. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305258
[iii] Ye, J., Wang, X.H., Sang, Y.X., Lui, Q., (2011). Assessment of the determination of azodicarbonamide and its decomposition product semicarbazide: investigation of variation in flour and flour products. J Agric Food Chem, 59(17), 9313-9318. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201819x
[iv] Bromate in Drinking Water[Background document for the development of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality]. (2005). https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/bromate030406.pdf
[v] Giaccone, V., Cammilleri, G., Stefano, V. D., Pitonzo, R., Vella, A., Pulvirenti, A., . . . Macaluso, A. (2017). First report on the presence of Alloxan in bleached flour by LC-MS/MS method. Journal of Cereal Science,77, 120-125. doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2017.06.015
[vi] Cary, R., Mr, Dobson, S., Dr, & Ball, E., Mrs. (1999). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 16: Azodicarbonamide(pp. 1-23, Rep.). Geneva: World Health Organization. doi:https://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad16.pdf
[i] n.a. (n.d.). Scientists and experts on force-feeding for foie gras production and duck and goose welfare. Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved November 30, 2020 from https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/hsus-expert-synopsis-force-feeding-duck-and-goose-welfare.pdf
[ii] Skippon, W. (2013). The animal health and welfare consequences of foie gras production. Can Vet J, 54(4), 403-404. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3595949/
[iii] Foie Gras Controversy. (n.d.) Wikipedia. Retrieved November 30, 2020 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foie_gras_controversy
Please see "GMO hormones" for more information.
[i] Stanhope, K. L., Schwarz, J. M., Keim, N. L., Griffen, S. C., Bremer, A. A., Graham, J. L., Hatcher, B., Cox, C. L., Dyachenko, A., Zhang, W., McGahan, J. P., Seibert, A., Krauss, R. M., Chiu, S., Schaefer, E. J., Ai, M., Otokozawa, S., Nakajima, K., Nakano, T., Beysen, C., … Havel, P. J. (2009). Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. The Journal of clinical investigation, 119(5), 1322–1334. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI37385
[ii] Shapiro, A., Tümer, N., Gao, Y., Cheng, K. Y., & Scarpace, P. J. (2011). Prevention and reversal of diet-induced leptin resistance with a sugar-free diet despite high fat content. The British journal of nutrition, 106(3), 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451100033X
[iii] Baena, M., Sangüesa, G., Dávalos, A., Latasa, M. J., Sala-Vila, A., Sánchez, R. M., Roglans, N., Laguna, J. C., & Alegret, M. (2016). Fructose, but not glucose, impairs insulin signaling in the three major insulin-sensitive tissues. Scientific reports, 6, 26149. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26149
[iv] Ter Horst, K. W., & Serlie, M. J. (2017). Fructose Consumption, Lipogenesis, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 9(9), 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090981
[i] Maggi, F., la Cecilia, D., Tang, F.H.M., McBratney, A. (2020). The global environmental hazard of glyphosate use. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137167
[ii] Samsel A, Seneff S. “Glyphosate’s Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Amino Acid Biosynthesis by the Gut Microbiome: Pathways to Modern Diseases.” Entropy 2013 15(4):1416-1463. http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/4/1416
[iii] Ya-xing Gui, et. al. “Glyphosate induced cell death through apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212000438
[iv] Swanson, N.L., Leu, A., Abrahamson, J., Wallet, B. (2014). Genetically engineered crops, glyphosate and the deterioration of health in the United States of America. J Organic Systems, 9(2), 6-37. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283462716_Genetically_engineered_crops_glyphosate
_and_the_deterioration_of_health_in_the_United_States_of_America
[v] Kurenbach, B., Marjoshi, D., Amábile-Cuevas, C. F., Ferguson, G. C., Godsoe, W., Gibson, P., & Heinemann, J. A. (2015). Sublethal exposure to commercial formulations of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate cause changes in antibiotic susceptibility in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. mBio, 6(2), e00009-15. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00009-15
[i] Oke KB, Westley PAH, Moreau DRT, Fleming IA. Hybridization between genetically modified Atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions. Proc R Soc B. 2013 280 20131047.
More information coming soon.
[i] Carlson, C. (2020, Feb 27). rBGH decoded: what you need to know about hormones in dairy. Organic Valley Rootstock blog. Retrieved December 1, 2020 from https://www.organicvalley.coop/blog/rBGH-decoded-what-is-bovine-growth-hormone/#:~:text=rBGH%20stands%20for%20recombinant%20bovine,naturally%20produce%20in%20their%20bodies.
[ii] Welsh, J., Braun, H., Brown, N., Um, C., Ehret, K., Figueroa, J., & Boyd Barr, D. (2019). Production-related contaminants (pesticides, antibiotics and hormones) in organic and conventionally produced milk samples sold in the USA. Public Health Nutrition, 22(16), 2972-2980. doi:10.1017/S136898001900106X
[iii] Philipps, A. F., Rao, R., Anderson, G. G., McCracken, D. M., Lake, M., & Koldovsky, O. (1995). Fate of insulin-like growth factors I and II administered orogastrically to suckling rats. Pediatric research, 37(5), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199505000-00005
[iv] Prosser, C.G., Fleet, I.R., Corps, A.N. (1989). Increased secretion of insulin-like growth factor I into milk cows treated with recombinantly derived bovine growth hormone. J Dairy Res, 45(1), 17-26. DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900026170
[v] Dohoo, I.R., DesCôteaux, L., Leslie, K., Fredeen, A., Shewfelt; W., Preston, A., Dowling, P. (2003). A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin. 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance; and culling. Can J Vet Res, 67(4), 252-264. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC280709/
[i] What do we mean by Non-GMO? (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://purevia.com/Nature/Non-GMO.aspx
[ii] Questions About EverSweet™ Stevia Sweetener. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://www.cargill.com/food-beverage/na/eversweet-faqs
[i] Netherwood et al, “Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract,” Nature Biotechnology 22 (2004): 2.
[i] Loneragan, G.H., Thomson, D.U., Scott, H.M. (2014). Increased mortality in groups of cattle administered the β-adrenergic agonists ractopamine hydrochloride and zilpaterol hydrochloride. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e91177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091177
[ii] Poletto, R., Cheng, H.W., Meisel, R.L., Garner, J.P., Richert, B.T., Marchant-Forde, J.N. (2010). Aggressiveness and brain aminie concentration in dominant and subordinate finishing pigs fed the β-adrenoreceptor agonist ractopamine. J Anim Sci, 88, 3107-3120. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-1876
[iii] Poletto, R., Rostagno, M.H., Richert, B.T., Marchant-Forde, J.N. (2008). Effects of a “step-up” ractopamine feeding program, sex, and social rank on growth performance, hoof lesions, and Enterobacteriaceae shedding in finishing pigs. J Anim Sci, 87(1), 304-313. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1188
[iv] Mitchell, G.A., Dunnavan, G. (1998). Illegal use of β-adrenergic agonists in the United States. J Animal Sci, 76(1), 208-211. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.761208x
[v] Brambilla, G., Cenci, T., Franconi, F., Galarini, R., Macrì, A., Rondoni, F., …Loizzo, A. (2000). Clinical and pharmacological profile in a clenbuterol epidemic poisoning of contaminated beef meat in Italy. Toxicol Lett, 114(1-3), 47-53. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00270-2
Please see "Artificial fats" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives"' for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
[i] Bray, G.A. (2010). Fructose: pure, white, and deadly? Fructose, by any other name, is a health hazard. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 4(4), 1003-1007. doi: 10.1177/193229681000400432
[ii] Teff, S.L., Elliott, S.S., Tschöp, M., Kieffer, T.J., Rader, D., Heiman, M., …Havel, P.J. (2004). Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates post prandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. J Clin Endocrin & Metab, 89(6), 2963-2972. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031855
[iii] Dufault, R., LeBlanc, B., Schnoll, R., Cornett, C. Schweitzer, L. Wallinga, D. …Lukiw, W.J. (2009). Mercury from chlor-alkalik plants: measured concentrations in food products sugar. Environ Health, 8, 2. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-8-2
[iv] Wallinga, D. Sorensen, J., Mottle, P., Yablon, B. (2009). Not so sweet: missing mercury and high fructose corn syrup. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. Retrieved November 9, 2020 from https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/421_2_105026.pdf
[v] Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.). GMO crops, animal food, and beyond. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/gmo-crops-animal-food-and-beyond.
Please see "Chemically modified fats" for more information.
Please see "Soy leghemoglobin" for more information.
[i] Oxidation and reduction - Redox, rusting and iron - (CCEA) - GCSE Chemistry (Single Science) Revision - CCEA - BBC Bitesize. (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z7rswty/revision/1
[ii] Voss, L., Hiao, I-L. Ebisch, M., Vidmar, J., Drejack, N., Böhmert, L. …Sieg, H. (2020). The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172. Food Chem, 327, 127000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127000
[iii] Sadeghi, L., Babadi,V.Y., Espanani, H.R. (2015). Toxic effects of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the liver and lung tissue. Bratisl Lek Listy, 116(6), 373-378. DOI: 10.4149/bll_2015_071
[iv] Seaton, A., Tran. L., Aitken, R., Donaldson, K. (2010). Nanoparticles, human health hazard and regulation. J R Soc Interface, 7(suppl 1), s119-s129. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0252.focus
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
[i] Environmental Protection Agency. (2018, August 20). Learn about Lead. Retrieved April 15, 2019, from https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead
[ii] Lead-Soldered Food Cans. (1995, June 27). Retrieved April 15, 2019, from https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1995/06/27/95-15593/lead-soldered-food-cans
[i] Fassler, J. (2019, February 7). ABC News called it "Pink slime." now, USDA says it can be labeled "ground beef.". The Counter. Retrieved March 14, 2022, from https://thecounter.org/bpi-pink-slime-ground-beef-usda-reclassifed/
[ii] NOSB Handling Subcommittee. (2014, Nov 18). Petitioned material proposal – ammonium hydroxide. Retrieved from https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Ammonium%20Hydroxide%20Proposal%20Nov%202014.pdf
[iii] Agency for toxic substances and disease registry. 2004, Sept.) Toxicological profile for ammonia. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=11&tid=2
[iv] US Environmental Protection Agency. (2013 Apr). Aquatic life ambient water quality criteria for ammonium – freshwater. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/wqc/aquatic-life-criteria-ammonia
Please see "Glyphosate residues—Grandmothered & Limited" for more information.
Please see "Glyphosate residues—Grandmothered & Limited" for more information.
(aka polydextrose and STA-LITE®)
Please see "Synthetic fibers" for more information.
Please see "Talc (magnesium silicate)" for more information.
[i] National Center for Biotechnology Information (2023). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6327, Chloromethane. Retrieved March 7, 2023 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chloromethane.
[ii] Li, S., Park, M.K., Jo, C.O, Park, S. (2017). Emission estimates of methyl chloride from industrial sources in China based on high frequency atmospheric observations. J Atmospheric Chem, 74, 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-016-9354-4
[i] https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/general-info/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens.html
[ii] IARC Working Group. (2017). Some chemicals used as solvents and in polymer manufacture. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol 110. Lyons, France: World Health Organization. https://publications.iarc.fr/547
[i] Pirow, R., Blume, A., Hellwig, N., Herzler, M., Huhse, B. Hutzler, C., …Luch, A. (2019). Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in producs regulated by other legislations. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 49(9), 742-789. DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1694862
[ii] Aluyor, E.O., Ori-jesu, M. (2009, March). Biodegradation of mineral oils—a review. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(6), 915-920. Retrieved November 23, 2020 from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/59986
[i] Epichlorohydrin. (2018, November 29). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epichlorohydrin
[ii] CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Carcinogenic Effects of Exposure to Propylene Oxide (89-111). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/89-111/default.html
[iii] Propylene oxide. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Propylene_oxide#section=3D-Conformer
[iv] Acetic anhydride. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetic_anhydride
V “Vinyl Acetate.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/vinyl_acetate.
Please see "Chemically modified fats" for more information.
See "Trehalose" for more information.
[1] FDA Code of Federal Regulations: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=501.22
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
aka Newtame
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
[i] Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotmpasi, C., Stamatis, P., Hens, L. (2016). Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Front Public Health, 4, 148. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148
[ii] Barr D., et al “Concentrations of Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites of Organophosphorus Pesticides in the U.S. Population,” Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112, 2004
[iii] http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167726-overview
[iv] http://www.panna.org/docsTrespass/ChemTresMain(screen).pdf
[v] Harvard School of Public Health. "Pesticides Exposure Associated With Parkinson's Disease." ScienceDaily 26 June 2006. 4 February 2010 <http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/06/060626091842.htm>
[vi] BioMed Central/BMC Neurology. "Link Between Pesticides And Parkinson's Strengthened With Family Study." ScienceDaily 29 March 2008. 4 February 2010 <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080328070136.htm>
[vii] Tim J. LaSalle and Paul Hepperly, “Regenerative Organic Farming: A Solution to Global Warming,” Rodale Institute, 2008
[viii] “Nutritional Quality of Organic Versus Conventional Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains,” by Virginia Worthington, published in The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2001 (pp. 161-173)
[ix] Lipson, Elaine.. Organics: Are they Really Better? Delicious.1997.
[x] Poncavage, Joanna & Long Cheryl. What is Organic? Organic Gardening; 1998.
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
Please see "Glyphosate residues—Grandmothered & Limited" for more information.
Please see "Artificial fats" for more information.
Please see "Apeel™" for more information.
methyl, propyl, butyl, etc.
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
(aka trans fats)
Please see "Chemically modified fats" for more information.
Please see "Glyphosate residues—Grandmothered & Limited" for more information.
Please see "Glyphosate residues—Grandmothered & Limited" for more information.
[i] Calvo, M.S., Uribarri, J. (2013). Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population. Am J Clin Nutr, 98(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.053934
[ii] Ritz, E., Hahn, K., Ketteler, M., Kuhlmann, M.K., Mann, J. (2012). Phosphate additives in food—a health risk. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 109(4), 49-55. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0049
[iii] Foley, R.N., Collins, A.J., Herzog, C. A., Ishani, A., Kalra, P.A. (2009). Serum phosphorus levels associated with coronary atherosclerosis in young adults. J Am Soc Nephrol, 20(2),, 397-404. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008020141
[iv] Dhingra, R., Sullivan, L.M., Fox, C.S., Wang, T.J., D’Agostino Sr, R.B., Gaziano, J.M., Vasan, R.S. (2007). Arch Intern Med, 167(9), 879-885. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.9.879
[v] Calvo, M.S., Uribarri, J. (2013). Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population. Am J Clin Nutr, 98(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.053934
[vi] Chang, A., R., Lazo, M., Appel, L.J., Gutiérrez, O.M., Grams, M.E. (2014). High dietary phosphorus intake is associated with all-cause mortality: results from NHANES III. Am J Clin Nutr. 99(2), 320-327. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Feb; 99(2): 320–327. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073148
Please see "Antibiotic and antifungal food preservatives" for more information.
(brand names such as STA-LITE®, Litesse®)
Please see "Synthetic fibers" for more information.
aka dimethylpolysiloxane, PDMS, DMPS, silicone oil, dimethyl polysiloxane (E900), dimethicone, dimethyl silicone fluid, dimethyl silicone oil, and also found in Phase® Liquid Butter Alternative
More information coming soon.
More information coming soon.
Please see "Sulfites" for more information.
Please see "Sulfites" for more information.
Visit our Bulk Standards page for more information.
More information coming soon.
(aka Sweet ‘n Low®)
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
Please see "Sulfites" for more information.
Please see "Sulfites" for more information.
Please see "Sulfites" for more information.
[i] Iodization of salt for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 15, 2020 from https://www.who.int/elena/titles/guidance_summaries/salt_iodization/en/
[ii] Sodium thiosulfate. EWG. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2021, from https://www.ewg.org/guides/substances/5699-SODIUMTHIOSULFATE/
[iii] National Center for Biotechnology Information (2020). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24477, Sodium thiosulfate. Retrieved December 15, 2020 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-thiosulfate.
[i] Medson, T., Boyd, H.B., Nylén, D., Pedersen, A.R., Peterson, G.I., Simonsen, F. (2001). Environmental and health assessment of substances in household detergents and cosmetic detergent products. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 615. Retrieved December 8, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264868866_Environmental_and_Health_Assessment_of_Substances_in_Household_Detergents_and_Cosmetic_Detergent_Products
[i] Hanmoungjai, P., Pyle, L., Niranjan, K. (2000). Extraction of rice bran oil using aqueous media. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 75, 348-352. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(200005)75:5%3C348::AID-JCTB233%3E3.0.CO;2-P
[ii] Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications. (2020, June 18). Retrieved December 09, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications
[iii] New Jersey Department of Health. (2012 June). Right to Know: Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet – n-Hexane. https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1340.pdf
[i] Listing of Color Additives Exempt from Certification; Soy Leghemoglobin; 84 Fed. Reg. 37573 (Aug 1, 2019) (to be codified at 21 CFR 73). Available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/01/2019-16374/listing-of-color-additives-exempt-from-certification-soy-leghemoglobin
[ii] Fraser, R.Z., Shitut, M., Agrawal, P., Mendes, O., Klapholz, S. (2018). Safety evaluation of soy leghemoglobin protein preparation derived from Pichia pastoris, intended for use as a flavor catalyst in plant-based meat. Int J Toxicol, 37(3), 241-262. doi: 10.1177/1091581818766318
[iii] n.a. (June 25, 2019). Rat feeding study suggests the impossible burger may not be safe to eat. GMO Science. https://www.gmoscience.org/rat-feeding-studies-suggest-the-impossible-burger-may-not-be-safe-to-eat/
[iv] Jin, Y., He, X., Andoh-Kumi,K., Fraser, R.Z., Lu, M., Goodman, R.E. (2018). Evaluating potential risks of food allergy and toxicity of soy leghemoglobin expressed in Pichia pastoris. Mol Nutr Food Res, 62(1), 1700297. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700297
Please see "Glyphosate residues—Grandmothered & Limited" for more information.
aka sucralose
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
aka polydextrose and Litesse®
Please see "Synthetic fibers" for more information.
aka Reb D and M or EverSweet™
See "GMO-produced stevia glycosides" for more information.
aka Splenda®
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
Please see "Artificial fats" for more information.
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
[i] (2006). Molybdenum (Monograph). Alternative Medicine Review, 11(2), 156-161. Retrieved from http://www.altmedrev.com/archive/publications/11/2/156.pdf
[ii] Timbo, B., Koehler, K.M., Wolyniak, C., Klontz, K.C. (2004). Sulfites—A Food and Drug Administration review of recalls and reported adverse events. Journal of Food Protection, 67(8), 1806-1811. Retrieved from https://jfoodprotection.org/doi/pdfplus/10.4315/0362-028X-67.8.1806
[iii] Irwin, S.V., Fisher, P., Graham, E., Malek, A. (2017). Sulfites inhibit the growth of four species of beneficial gut bacteria at concentrations regarded as safe for food. PLoS One, 12(10), e0186629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186629
aka Acesulfame K or Sweet One®
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
aka saccharin
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
aka Acesulfame K or Sunette®
Please see "Artificial sweeteners" for more information.
[i] Edwards, J., |, & Blog. (2020, December 16). A compendium of everything you didn't know contains talc • mesowatch. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://mesowatch.com/a-compendium-of-everything-you-didnt-know-contains-talc/
[ii] FAQs: Modernization of the USP Talc Monograph. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2021, from https://www.usp.org/frequently-asked-questions/talc-monograph
[iii] Richards, M. (2020, March 9). FDA in brief: FDA releases final report of talc- containing cosmetic products tested for asbestos. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-brief/fda-brief-fda-releases-final-report-talc-containing-cosmetic-products-tested-asbestos
[iv] Asbestos and Cancer Risk. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2021, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/asbestos.html
[v] (2015, September 30). Talc used in food processing a health hazard, say researchers. Retrieved from https://www.foodprocessing.com.au/content/food-design-research/news/talc-use-in-food-processing-a-health-hazard-say-researchers-859641872
[vi] Chang, C. J., Yang, Y. H., Chen, P. C., Peng, H. Y., Lu, Y. C., Song, S. R., & Yang, H. Y. (2019). Stomach Cancer and Exposure to Talc Powder without Asbestos via Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Population-Based Cohort Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(5), 717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050717
[i] Skowyra, M. Janiewicz, U., Salejda, A.M., Krasnowska, G., Amajano, M.P. (2015). Effect of tara (caesalpinia spinosa) pod powder on the oxidation of colour stability of pork meat batter during chilled storage. Foo Technol Biotechnol, 53(4), 419-427. doi: 10.17113/ftb.53.04.15.3932
[ii] Borzelleca, J.F., Ladu, B.N., Senti, F.R., Egle Jr, J.L. (1993). Evaluation of safety of tara gum as a food ingredient: a review of the literature. J Am Coll Toxicol, 12(1), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10915819309140625
Please see "Artificial preservatives" for more information.
[i] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2016, April 13). What are microplastics? NOAA's National Ocean Service. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html
[ii] Campanale, C., Massarelli, C., Savino, I., Locaputo, V., Uricchio, V.F. (2020). A detailed review study on the potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. Int J Environ, Res Public Health, 17, 1212. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041212
[i] Hernandez, L.M., Xu, E.G., Larsson, H.C.E., Tahara, R., Maisuria, V.B., Tufenkji, N. (2019). Plastic teabags release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea. Environ Sci Technol, 53(21), 123000-12310. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02540
[ii] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2016, April 13). What are microplastics? NOAA's National Ocean Service. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html
[iii] de Wit. W., Bigaud, N. (2019). No plastic in nature: assessing plastic ingestion from nature to people. An analysis by Dalberg Advisors and University of Newcastle Australia for World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved from: https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/plastic_ingestion_press_singles.pdf
[iv] Campanale, C., Massarelli, C., Savino, I., Locaputo, V., Uricchio, V.F. (2020). A detailed review study on the potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. Int J Environ, Res Public Health, 17, 1212. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041212
Please see "Caffeine added to boost caffeine content or to have a stimulant effect" for more information.
[i] Pele, L.C., Thoree, V., Bruggraber, S. F.A., Koller, D., Thompson, R, P.H., Lomer, M.C., Powell, J.J. (2015). Pharmaceutical/food grade titanium dioxide particles are absorbed into the bloodstream of human volunteers. Part Fibre Toxicol, 12, 26. doi: 10.1186/s12989-015-0101-9
[ii] Winkler, H. C., Notter, T., Meyer, U., & Naegeli, H. (2018). Critical review of the safety assessment of titanium dioxide additives in food. Journal of nanobiotechnology, 16(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0376-8
[iii] Bettini, S., Boutet-Robinet, E., Cartier, C., Coméra, C., Gaultier, E., Dupuy, J., …Houdeau, E. (2017). Food-grade TiO2 impairs intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis, initiates preneoplastic lesions and promotes aberrant crypt development in the rat colon. Sci Rep, 7, 40373. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40373
[iv] Pinget, G., Tan, J., Janac, B., Kaakoush, N.O., Angelatos, A.S., O’Sullivan, J., …Macia, L. (2019). Impact of the food additive titanium dioxide (E171) on gut microbiota-host interaction. Front Nutr, 6, 57. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00057
[v] Winkler, H. C., Notter, T., Meyer, U., & Naegeli, H. (2018). Critical review of the safety assessment of titanium dioxide additives in food. Journal of nanobiotechnology, 16(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0376-8
(aka, cottonseed flour toasted partially defatted cooked)
[i] Gadelha, I. C., Fonseca, N. B., Oloris, S. C., Melo, M. M., & Soto-Blanco, B. (2014). Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 231635. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/231635
[ii] FDA. (2022, February 17). GMO crops, animal food, and beyond. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/gmo-crops-animal-food-and-beyond
[i] Kieliszek, M., MIsiewicz, A. (2014). Microbial transglutaminase and its application in the food industry. A review. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 59(3), 241-250. doi: 10.1007/s12223-013-0287-x
[ii] Kieliszek, M., MIsiewicz, A. (2014). Microbial transglutaminase and its application in the food industry. A review. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 59(3), 241-250. doi: 10.1007/s12223-013-0287-x
[iii] Lerner, A., Matthias, T. (2015). Possible association between celiac disease and bacterial transglutaminase in food processing: a hypothesis. Nutr Rev, 73(8), 544-552. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv011
[iv] Matthias, T., Jeremias, P., Neidhöfer, S., Lerner, A. (2016). The industrial food additive, microbial transglutaminase, mimics tissue transglutaminase and is immunogenic in celiac disease patients. Autoimmun Rev, 15(12), 1111-1119. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.011
[v] Lerner, A., Matthias, T. (2020). Processed food additive microbial transglutaminase and its cross-linked gliadin complexes are potential public health concerns in celiac disease. Int J Mol Sci, 21(3), 1127. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031127
Please see "Trehalose" for more information.
[i] Nield, David. “A Common Sugar Additive Might Be Driving The Rise of One of The Most Aggressive Superbugs.” ScienceAlert, www.sciencealert.com/common-superbug-fuelled-by-popular-sugar-additive-trehalose.
aka TREHA®
Please see "Trehalose" for more information.
[i] Truvia® FAQ: Health Information & Safety. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from https://www.truvia.com/faq
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